There have been international efforts since the 1970s to persuade practitioners to abandon FGM, and it has been outlawed or restricted in most of the countries in which it occurs, although the laws are often poorly enforced. Adverse health effects depend on the type of procedure they can include recurrent infections, difficulty urinating and passing menstrual flow, chronic pain, the development of cysts, an inability to get pregnant, complications during childbirth, and fatal bleeding. It is usually initiated and carried out by women, who see it as a source of honour, and who fear that failing to have their daughters and granddaughters cut will expose the girls to social exclusion. The practice is rooted in gender inequality, attempts to control women's sexuality, and ideas about purity, modesty, and beauty. In this last procedure, known as infibulation, a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual fluid the vagina is opened for intercourse and opened further for childbirth. They include removal of the clitoral hood (type 1-a) and clitoral glans (1-b) removal of the inner labia (2-a) and removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the vulva (type 3). Procedures differ according to the country or ethnic group. In half of the countries for which national statistics are available, most girls are cut before the age of five. Typically carried out by a traditional circumciser using a blade, FGM is conducted from days after birth to puberty and beyond. UNICEF estimated in 2016 that 200 million women in 30 countries- Indonesia, Iraq, Yemen, and 27 African countries including Egypt-had been subjected to one or more types of female genital mutilation. The practice is found in some countries of Africa, Asia and the Middle East, and within their respective diasporas. Sex offender registries in the United Statesįemale genital mutilation ( FGM), also known as female genital cutting, female genital mutilation/cutting ( FGM/C) and female circumcision, is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia.Sexual and reproductive health and rights.Sex workers' rights ( Decriminalization.
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